Recent Articles-IJES

Synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles by Rhizopus Stolonifer and its antibacterial activity against MDR strains of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from burnt patients
Author(s)- Afreen, Rathod V, Ranganath E

ABSTRACT

The extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Rhizopus stolonifer and its efficacy against multidrug resistant (MDR) strains isolated from burnt cases from hospitals at Gulbarga region, Karnataka, India is reported here. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out using fungal filtrate and an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). Characterization of silver nanoparticles was done by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy shows maximum absorption at 422 nm, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the formation of spherical nanoparticles with size ranging between 5 to 50 nm. Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (EDS) shows the optical absorption peak at 3kev, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) shows the bands at 1633, 1554 and 1423 cm-1 which confirms the presence of protein in the sample which coat covering the silver nanoparticles known as capping proteins, and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) revealed three dimensional structures of the nanoparticles. Two MDR-strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P1and P2) from burnt patients were selected for the antibacterial study with AgNPs.

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Recent Articles-IJES

Analysis of earthworm’s patchy distribution and variability of soil biochemical properties under single – tree influences
Author(s)- Kooch. Y, Hosseini. S. M, Mohammadi. J, Hojjati. S. M

ABSTRACT

The forest soils can be strongly influenced by tree species. Many studies have addressed the effects of monocultures on forest soil biochemical and earthworms, but few have examined the effects of varying ratios of species within stands. The validity of the concept of “single – tree influence circles” was tested in a forest dominated by beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) on steep slopes in the Alborz Mountain, Hyrcanian forest of Iran. Due to, twenty hectare areas of Experimental Forest Station of Tarbiat Modares University was considered. The positions of trees with diameter at breast height more than 45cm were recorded by Geographical Position System (GPS). Three single – trees (trees with canopy cover separated from other trees and covered distinguished space) considered for soil sampling from every tree species and diameter class as three replications. All of soil samples were excavated in north aspect and at the nearest point to tree collar for more precision. Soil samples were taken at 0 – 15, 15 – 30 and 30 – 45cm depths using auger soil sampler with 81cm2 cross section. Soil moisture, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, N mineralization, microbial respiration, earthworm number and biomass measured in the laboratory. Significantly statistical differences were found in the most studied characters. N mineralization, microbial respiration, earthworm number and biomass were significantly greater under hornbeam single – trees than in beech. These results indicate that single – tree influence on soil properties is detectable even in mixed stands on steep slopes and the soil landscape may be considered a mosaic of profiles reflecting the occurrence and chemical characteristics of the ground cover vegetation and of individuals of the various tree species present.

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Recent Articles-IJES

Evaluation of Spatial variability of soil quality in Wildlife Refugee of Karkhe in southwestern Iran
Author(s)- Shaieste Gholami,Hosseini , Jahangard Mohammadi , Ab. Salman Mahini

ABSTRACT

Soil properties are continuous variables whose values at any location can be expected to vary according to direction and distance of separation from neighboring samples. The spatial variability and variation of soil properties should be quantified for a better understanding of the influence of such factors as management and pollution, and finally for leading to more efficient management. Geostatistics provide descriptive tools such as variogram to characterize the spatial pattern of continuous soil attributes. This study addressed the spatial variability of soil properties at the regional scale using geostatistical method. The study was carried out in Wildlife Refugee of Karkhe in riparian forests of Karkhe river southwestern Iran. The soil was sampled in 2009 using 200 sampling point along parallel transects (perpendicular to the river). The distance between transects were 0.5 km. The sampling procedure was hierarchically, we considered maximum distance between samples as 0.5 km, but the samples were taken at 250m, 100m, 50m, 10m and 5m at different locations of sampling. At each transect point, three 50 cm×50 cm×25 cm samples were taken for analyses at each sampling campaign. Soil bulk density, total nitrogen and C/N were analyzed using geostatistics (variogram) in order to describe and quantify the spatial continuity. Soil properties showed spatial variability with the highest coefficient of variation being observed for C/N and the lowest for soil bulk density. The variograms revealed the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Soil bulk density was moderately spatially dependent, while Nt and C/N showed the weak spatial dependence. The range of influence was 810, 1200 and 3300 m respectively for C/N, Nt and bulk density. The contour maps produced by kriging, showed a heterogeneous and patchy structure for the estimated values of Nt and C/N. The kriging map also showed the highest increase in the area next to river for soil bulk density.

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Recent Articles-IJES

Aerobic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater in a biological reactor
Author(s)- Mohammad Zakir Hossain Khan, Mostafa.M.G

ABSTRACT

This study was designed a wastewater treatment plant with an aim at minimizing and/or removing  of suspended solids, dissolved solids, nutrients, and toxic compounds, before it releases into a water body. A lab-scale batch type integrated aerobic biological treatment plant was constructed and operated for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and its performance was evaluated. A cylindrical open tank was used as a reactor and passed air through the bottom of the tank. The maximum hydraulic retention time was 15 days. The treated water samples were collected every day and tested for its chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS) to evaluate the efficiency of the plant. About 75% removal of COD was achieved employing hydraulic residence times of 15 days. The analyses results of the treated wastewater reveal that the parameters pH, BOD, COD, TSS, TDS and color were found within the prescribed permissible limits indicating the efficiency of the plant. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for air injection to accelerate the biological treatment process, with greatest influence on COD removal from the wastewater.

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Recent Articles-IJES

Groundwater quality and its suitability to agriculture – GIS based case study of Chhatna block, Bankura district, West Bengal, India
Author(s)- Nag.S.K, Poulomi Ghosh

ABSTRACT

Water pollution is a major challenge amongst all other types of pollution. A number of factors like geology, soil, effluents, sewage disposal and other environmental conditions in which the water happens to stay or move and interact are responsible for this. The study has been made to find out the status of groundwater quality and its suitability in regards to irrigation purpose. A total number of 23 water samples from borewells have been collected for pre-monsoon 2009 and post-monsoon 2009 from Chhatna block, Bankura district, West Bengal, India. Water quality data used in the present study include Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Residual Sodium Bi-carbonate (RSBC/RSC) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). From the results of analysis, it is revealed that the values of Sodium Adsorption Ratio indicate that, ground water of the area falls under the category of low sodium hazard. So, there is neither salinity nor toxicity problem of irrigation water, and hence the ground water can safely be used for long-term irrigation.

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Recent Articles-IJAERD

Review of automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using the support vector machine

Author(s)– Priya.R ,  Aruna.P

Abstract
The automated analysis of human eye fundus image is an important task .  Diabetes is a disease which occurs when the pancreas does not secrete enough insulin or the body is unable to process it properly. This disease affects slowly the circulatory system including that of the retina . As diabetes progresses, the vision of a patient may start to deteriorate  and lead to diabetic  retinopathy.  The main  stages of  diabetic retinopathy are  non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(NPDR) and  pro-liferative retinopathy(PDR). In this paper, we have proposed a computer based approach for the detection of diabetic retinopathy stages using color fundus images . The features are extracted from the raw image, using the image processing techniques and fed to the support vector machine (SVM) for classification. The results showed a sensitivity of 99.45% for the classifier and specificity of 100%.

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Recent Articles-IJAERD

Measure of a subgroup of a finite topological group divides the measure of the group

Author(s)– Md.Nizam, Ahmed Waheedulla

Abstract
Applying Haar’s Measure theory to probability theory to understand and generalize the uniqueness of invariant measure in the situation of risk and uncertainty. If T is finite topological group and X be subgroup of T    then µ(X)|µ(T).

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Recent Articles-IJAERD

Common fixed point theorem for R-weakly commutativity of type (Ag) satisfying general contractive type condition

Author(s)– Anju Rani , Seema Mehra, Savita Rathee

Abstract
In this paper, we have a common fixed point theorem for a noncompatible pair of mappings satisfying a general contractive condition of integral type in fuzzy metric space which otherwise doesn’t ensure a fixed point. We establish a situation in which the common fixed point is a point of discontinuity.

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Recent Articles-IJAERD

Indiscernibility based cluster analysis

Author(s)– Pragati Jain, Manisha Jain

Abstract
Cluster Analysis is an indispensable part of data mining. It has a wider application now days. The paper comprises of rough set approaches wherein indiscernibility relation for similarity measures plays an important role in cluster analysis. Such type of relation gives rise to indiscernible classes. A similarity measure can represent the similarities between two objects.  The object to be clustered is used in the decision on whether to put them into same cluster or disjoint cluster. In the proposed approach indiscernibility is used as a measure of similarity without any distance function for clustering the object. The concept of indiscernibility defines in a canonical rough set theory is relaxed. The proposed approach is carried in two phases. The first phase is considered to form all the identical groups together to form base clusters. In this case all the attribute values of the objects that belong to the same cluster are identical. While in the second stage, the strict notion of indiscernibility is relaxed and the classes are formed on the basis that objects are intra class similar or inter class dissimilar. The paper furnishes the example of mechanical engineering in which the working positions of machines are clustered with indiscernibility based relations.

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Recent Articles-IJAERD

Performance and emission characteristics of Jatropa biodiesel in dual fuel mode with CNG in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine

Author(s)– Venkatesan.M

Abstract
Jatropa bio-diesel is prepared with methanol to get jatropa oil methyl ester (JOME).Experiments are conducted with JOME duel fuel mode with compressed natural gas(CNG) in a single cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine . Performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), emissions such as CO, UBHC, CO2,NOx and opacity are determined at three injection pressures of 180,200 and 220 bar and two injection timings 27 deg btdc and 31 deg btdc. Parameters are compared with base line data of diesel fuel .It was found through experiments that JOME can be used as fuel with better performance at 200 bar pressure and advanced injection timing of 31 deg btdc.

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